Liburnians

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The Liburnians or Liburni (Ancient Greek: Λιβυρνοί) were an ancient tribe inhabiting the district called Liburnia, a coastal region of the northeastern Adriatic between the rivers Arsia (Raša) and Titius (Krka) in what is now Croatia. According to Strabo's Geographica, they populated Kerkyra until shortly after the Corinthians settled the island, c. 730 BC. Their ethnic and linguistic origins are unknown. The Liburni's archaeological culture can be traced to the Late Bronze Age and "were settled since at least the tenth century BC in northern Dalmatia". Some Greek and Roman historians considered them to be of Asia Minor origin, while others claimed that were some common characteristics between them and Etruscans. Modern scholarship refutes both theories. Appian considered them as "one of the Illyrian peoples", an "Illyrian tribe", aligning with Florus' designation of them as the first enemies of Rome during the Illyro-Roman Wars. However, although sometimes designated as Illyrian in historical sources and historiography they did not belong to Illyrii proprie dicti, nor to the Illyrian groups of Dalmatia and Pannonia, and Livy for example considered them "different people from the Illyrians". As foreign sources probably mixed various data on ethnic and non-ethnic Illyrians, it is considered today on the basis of material and linguistic evidence that the Liburni belonged to broader term of "so-called Illyrian peoples", but were not ethnic Illyrians, ie being their closest relatives. However, modern historiography questions the same scholarship's methodological identification of ethnicity with material culture, linguistic traces, deities and else which ignores anthropological exchange, and notes that prior 4th century BCE the name of Liburni and Illyrians could have been synonyms and the former was only later distinctively used in narrow sense for people of North Adriatic territory.