Chen Han

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Chen Han, officially the Great Han, was a short-lived rebel state that existed in China during the Red Turban Rebellion, in the final phase of the Yuan dynasty. It was founded in Jiangxi in 1360 by Chen Youliang, who had been ruling there since 1357 on behalf of the rebel state of Tianwan, which he overthrew in the same year. The state of Han fell in 1364 when Chen Youliang's son and successor, Chen Li, surrendered to Zhu Yuanzhang's forces. In the early 14th century, several rebellions erupted against the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in central China. During the 1330s, opposition to Yuan rule grew stronger as various groups of disaffected people united through shared religious and millenarian beliefs influenced by Manichaeism and Buddhism. Known as the Red Turbans, these rebels believed in the coming of the "King of Light" (Mingwang), a messianic figure who would cleanse the world of evil and overthrow the Yuan government. In Hubei, the movement was led by Zou Pusheng (鄒普勝), a blacksmith; Xu Shouhui, a street vendor; and Peng Yingyu (彭瑩玉), a peasant who served as its principal ideologue. In August 1351, Zou and Xu launched an uprising in eastern Hubei. The following month, they established their headquarters at the newly captured city of Qizhou, the prefectural capital, thereby securing control over northeastern Hubei. They also founded an independent state known as Tianwan, with Xu enthroned as emperor and Zou serving as grand marshal.