Adelphailurus

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Adelphailurus is an extinct genus of metailurin machairodontine (saber-toothed) cat that inhabited western North America during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. It is monotypic, containing only the species Adelphailurus kansensis. The holotype specimen, KUMVP 3462, was collected by H. T. Martin from near the base of the Ogallala Formation in Sherman County, Kansas, in the summer of 1924. It was subsequently stored in the collections at the University of Kansas' Museum of Vertebrate Paleontology. However, it was not described until 1934 when paleontologist Claude W. Hibbard erected the new genus and species Adelphailurus kansensis for the specimen. In 2026, Chatar and Tseng described five new specimens including a complete skull, right lower jaw fragment, and three isolated upper canine teeth. The genus name is derived from the Greek ἀδελφός/adelphós meaning "brother", and αἴλουρος/ailurus meaning "cat". The specific epithet kansensis means "from Kansas". The holotype of Adelphailurus kansensis consists of the anterior portion of a skull with nearly perfect dentition on both the maxillaries and premaxillaries. Hibbard stated that the living cat would have a relatively broad skull with large canines.