Elementary function

In mathematics, an elementary function is a function of a single variable (real or complex) that is typically encountered by beginners. The basic elementary functions are polynomial functions, rational functions, the trigonometric functions, the exponential and logarithm functions, the n-th root, and the inverse trigonometric functions, as well as those functions obtained by addition, multiplication, division, and composition of these. Some functions which are encountered by beginners are not elementary, such as piecewise-defined functions. More generally, in some modern treatments, elementary functions comprise the set of functions previously enumerated, all algebraic functions, and all functions obtained by roots of a polynomial whose coefficients are elementary. The elementary functions were originally defined by Joseph Liouville in 1833. A key property is that all elementary functions have derivatives of any order, which are also elementary, and can be algorithmically computed by applying the differentiation rules (or the rules for implicit differentiation in the case of roots). The Taylor series of an elementary function converges in a neighborhood of every point of its domain. More generally, they are global analytic functions, defined (possibly with multiple values, such as the elementary function z {\displaystyle {\sqrt {z}}} or log ⁡ z {\displaystyle \log z} ) for every complex argument, except at isolated points. In contrast, antiderivatives of elementary functions need not be elementary and is difficult to decide whether a specific elementary function has an elementary antiderivative. Liouville's result is that, if an elementary function has an elementary antiderivative, then this antiderivative is a linear combination of logarithms, where the coefficients and the arguments of the logarithms are elementary functions involved, in some sense, in the definition of the function. The Risch algorithm (1968) can decide whether an elementary function has an elementary antiderivative, and, if so, to compute it. However, as of 2025, there...